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Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Plant
The Snoqualmie Falls Hydroelectric Plant is located just north of Snoqualmie in King County, Washington state, US. It is situated about east of Seattle. Located just below the Snoqualmie Falls, the power plant consists of two power houses, Plant 1 and Plant 2. Plant 1 was completed in 1899 and is located underground. It is the first completely underground hydroelectric power plant ever built the world.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://pse.com/inyourcommunity/king/Pages/Snoqualmie-Falls.aspx )〕〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://cms.asce.org/People-and-Projects/Projects/Landmarks/Snoqualmie-Falls-Cavity-Generating-Station/ )〕 Plant 2 was built in 1910 and is located along the right bank of the Snoqualmie River. Both plants receive water from a small reservoir created by a weir atop the falls. Plant 1 has an installed capacity of 13.7 MW and Plant 2 a capacity of 40.2 MW for a total installed capacity of 53.9 MW, enough to power 40,000 homes.〔〔
Plant 1 was added to the National Register of Historic Places as Snoqualmie Falls Cavity Generating Station on April 23, 1976.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://nrhp.focus.nps.gov/natregsearchresult.do?fullresult=true&recordid=21 )〕 In 1981, Plant 1 was also designated as a Historic Civil Engineering Landmark by the American Society of Civil Engineers.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.seattleasce.org/committees/hh/snoqualmiefalls.pdf )〕 The power plant is owned by Puget Sound Energy.
==History==
The power plant was envisioned by Charles H. Baker in the 1890s. Baker was an engineer for the Seattle, Lake Shore and Eastern Railway and would pass the Snoqualmie Falls routinely during his work. Similar to the Schoellkopf Power Station on Niagara Falls in New York, Baker wanted to exploit the drop in elevation of Snoqualmie Falls for hydroelectric power.〔 After the Panic of 1893 he became unemployed and sought to build the power plant.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://socialarchive.iath.virginia.edu/xtf/view?docId=baker-charles-h-charles-hinckley-b-1864-cr.xml )〕 With funding from his family, to include his father, wealthy businessman William T. Baker, he formed the Snoqualmie Falls Power Company and bought the falls and surrounding land in 1897.〔〔〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://nwda.orbiscascade.org/ark:/80444/xv51308 )〕 Construction on the plant began in 1898. First, a cofferdam was constructed to seal the river from the water intake on the left bank of the Snoqualmie Falls. Steam-powered pneumatic drills were then used to excavate a vertical shaft from the intake to the underground cavern for Plant 1. A horizontal tunnel was dug as well, which met the vertical shaft at the cavern for Plant 1. A weir was constructed downstream of the intake and just above the falls, to help raise the river above the intake so water could be delivered to the plant. Four Pelton turbines with 1.5 MW Westinghouse generators were initially installed. The first operational generator was online and began to transmit power to Seattle on July 31, 1899. The remainder were commissioned and delivering power to Tacoma as well on November 1, 1899. In 1903 Seattle Electric Company acquired Snoqualmie Falls Power Company. The death of William Baker and financial difficulties that same year ended Charles Baker's stake in the plant.〔 A fifth turbine-generator, horizontal Francis-type, originally rated at 5 MW, was added to Plant 1 in 1905. In 1908 Seattle-Tacoma Power Company, a forerunner to Puget Sound Energy, purchased Seattle Electric Company.〔
Soon after the fifth generator was added to Plant 1, plans for Plant 2 began. Engineer W.A. Brackenridge studied and designed the plant. It would include a tunnel from the weir connected to a forebay would supply water to the future Plant 2, located just downstream from the falls. Plant 2 was commissioned in 1910 with a single 9 MW Francis turbine-generator. To make future expansion possible, the tunnel and penstock were built large enough to supply up to three generators. Plant 2 underwent an expansion beginning in 1956. A second Francis turbine-generator was installed and commissioned in 1957. A larger second penstock was also installed as the new generator was much larger than earlier planned. At this time, the entire power plant had an installed capacity of 44.4 MW. The second turbine for Plant 2 was replaced in 1991 due to end-of-life and it was once again replaced in 2004 as it was damaged by sediment.〔 In 2004, Puget Sound Energy was granted a new 40 year license from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission which required that the plant maintain a consistent discharge equal to or greater than .〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=https://pse.com/aboutpse/HydroLicensing/Pages/Snoqualmie-Falls-Project.aspx )〕
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